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Postmarketing surveillance (PMS) (also ''post market surveillance'') is the practice of monitoring the safety of a pharmaceutical drug or medical device after it has been released on the market and is an important part of the science of pharmacovigilance. Since drugs are approved on the basis of clinical trials, which involve relatively small numbers of people who have been selected for this purpose - meaning that they normally do not have other medical conditions which may exist in the general population - postmarketing surveillance can further refine, or confirm or deny, the safety of a drug after it is used in the general population by large numbers of people who have a wide variety of medical conditions. Postmarketing surveillance uses a number of approaches to monitor the safety of licensed drugs, including spontaneous reporting databases, prescription event monitoring, electronic health records, patient registries, and record linkage between health databases. These data are reviewed to highlight potential safety concerns in a process known as data mining. ==National implementation== Canada: Health Canada is the regulatory body which approves drugs, and it has a division called "Marketed Health Products Directorate" (MHPD) which coordinates Canadian postmarketing surveillance. United Kingdom: The Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency (MHRA) and the Commission on Human Medicines (CHM) jointly operate the Yellow Card Scheme, which was one of the first examples of a pharmacovigilance scheme, aimed at mitigating adverse drug reactions (ADRs) United States: Postmarketing surveillance is overseen by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), which operates a system of passive surveillance called MedWatch, to which doctors or the general public can voluntarily report adverse reactions to drugs.〔(【引用サイトリンク】publisher=U.S. FDA/CDER )〕 FDA also conducts active surveillance of certain regulated products. For example, FDA may monitor safety and effectiveness of medical devices through either a Post-Approval Study〔(【引用サイトリンク】publisher=U.S. FDA/CDRH )〕 or through a 522 Postmarket Surveillance Study.〔(【引用サイトリンク】publisher=U.S. FDA/CDRH )〕 European Union: The guidance document "MEDDEV 2.12-1 rev 8" offers a comprehensive guidance on best practice for medical ''device post-market surveillance'' (materiovigilance). A manufacturer of medical devices is required to report incidents (serious adverse events) to the national competent authority of the member state the company resides in. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「postmarketing surveillance」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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